Materials to read
Net Magnetic Force Between Loops with Out-of-Phase Currents: The 300 Megawatts-per-Newton Power Cost Myth?
In this paper, it is shown that if two parallel current-carrying loops are out of phase, they can exert a net force on each other. We also demonstrate that the energy needed to produce a unit of mechanical force is substantially lower than the commonly held assumption that it must be on the order of the speed of light.
Net Magnetic Force Generation in Discontinuous Circuits: A Force Symmetry-Breaking Phenomenon
In this paper, it is shown that the interaction forces between discontinuous circuits may not cancel each other due to the noncentric nature of the Lorentz magnetic force. It is demonstrated that the self-stress of the induced electromagnetic field can behave similarly to an external force and lead to net momentum gain.
Net force in the absence of external forces in systems with retardation: Emphasis in electromagnetism
In this paper, it is shown that the delay in action and reaction can lead to a net mechanical force in specific cases. It is shown that the dependency of the forces on light travel time can potentially be used as a test to measure the anisotropy of the speed of light in different frames.